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Active Smoking, Household Passive Smoking, and Breast Cancer: Evidence From the California Teachers Study

Peggy Reynolds , Susan Hurley , Debbie E. Goldberg , Hoda Anton-Culver , Leslie Bernstein , Dennis Deapen , Pamela L. Horn-Ross , David Peel , Richard Pinder , Ronald K. Ross , Dee West , William E. Wright , Argyrios Ziogas

Affiliations of authors: California Department of Health Services (CDHS), Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Oakland, CA (PR); Public Health Institute, Oakland (SH, DEG); University of California, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA (HAC, DP, AZ); University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (LB, DD, RP, RKR); Northern California Cancer Center, Union City, CA (PLHR, DW); CDHS, Cancer Surveillance Section, Sacramento, CA (WEW)

Correspondence to: Peggy Reynolds, PhD, California Department of Health Services, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, 1515 Clay St., Suite 1700, Oakland, CA 94612 (e-mail: preynold@dhs.ca.gov )

Background: There is great interest in whether exposure to tobacco smoke, a substance containing human carcinogens, may contribute to a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. To date, literature addressing this question has been mixed, and the question has seldom been examined in large prospective study designs. Methods: In a 1995 baseline survey, 116 544 members of the California Teachers Study (CTS) cohort, with no previous breast cancer diagnosis and living in the state at initial contact, reported their smoking status. From entry into the cohort through 2000, 2005 study participants were newly diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer associated with several active smoking and household passive smoking variables using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Irrespective of whether we included passive smokers in the reference category, the incidence of breast cancer among current smokers was higher than that among never smokers (HR = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10 to 1.57 relative to all never smokers; HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.53 relative to only those never smokers who were unexposed to household passive smoking). Among active smokers, breast cancer risks were statistically significantly increased, compared with all never smokers, among women who started smoking at a younger age, who began smoking at least 5 years before their first full-term pregnancy, or who had longer duration or greater intensity of smoking. Current smoking was associated with increased breast cancer risk relative to all nonsmokers in women without a family history of breast cancer but not among women with such a family history. Breast cancer risks among never smokers reporting household passive smoking exposure were not greater than those among never smokers reporting no such exposure. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that active smoking may play a role in breast cancer etiology and suggests that further research into the connection is warranted, especially with respect to genetic susceptibilities.